Back to the beginning (another rotation of the spiral) – my first major edit, and why I’m focusing on the opening

What is editing? Ask someone unfamiliar with writing, and they’ll likely say something about correcting grammar and spelling. But editing is so much more. Grammar and spelling checks come right at the end of the process. Before that, we have developmental editing. This deals with the story, with the pacing and the character arcs. It looks at the big picture. There’s no point worrying about commas if the story itself doesn’t yet ‘work’.

I’ve started this stage of editing on my first draft now (the first draft of the main series novel, not the side-story). I’ve read through the draft, making notes along the way‌—‌what works well, and more importantly what doesn’t.

Even with a plan, the first draft is where the writer finds the story. Characters come alive as words appear on the page, and they do things we don’t always predict. The story can veer from that original plan in all kinds of ways.

There is also a great deal of ‘explaining’. When I write a first draft, I’m discovering my story, my characters and the world they inhabit. To make this all appear realistic, I need to understand this. So, in a first draft, I’ll always have scenes where I’m learning these things. But the reader doesn’t need too much of this, only enough to feel immersed.

This is especially true of the opening. Why? Because a story’s opening has to be strong. An opening has to hook the reader so they can’t wait to read on.

One technique for openings is ‘in medias res’‌—‌starting in the middle of the action. Think of the classic James Bond films. They start with the climax of a mission, full of stunts and excitement. Or the opening to Star Wars, with a large spacecraft being chased and fired on by one even larger. Or the first Indiana Jones film, where Indy’s facing all those traps. Of course, in media res doesn’t have to be physical action. We could open with an argument, or a funeral, or someone being fired from their job.

But there are problems with starting this way. How should the reader feel about this action? Who should they be rooting for? Without knowing anything about the characters, why should they care what happens? Action without some kind of emotional attachment is like a roller-coaster ride‌—‌fun while it lasts, but soon forgotten, and having very little lasting meaning.

I’m writing space-opera, so I could open with a scene focusing on world-building‌—‌maybe have a character introduced to a new environment, and have the reader learn all about this setting through that character’s interactions. It might not get the adrenaline pumping, but it might intrigue enough to encourage further reading. And, in a story with a large scope, a slow build might be more appropriate.

That word‌—‌’appropriate’‌—‌is an important one. The opening has to set the tone for the whole book, even the whole series. It has to set expectations. Opening with a couple of friends enjoying a peaceful day off work might not be suited to a dark tale of galactic pirates. Starting with a character being chased by wild animals won’t necessarily work for a light-hearted cyberpunk story.

I should caveat this by saying there are no hard and fast rules in writing. The above examples could work. It depends on how well the writer drip-feeds enough to hint at the ‘proper’ story. So there might be inconsistencies in that ‘peaceful’ day, things that are said and done which feel slightly off. The character being chased might mutter humorous lines while checking their cyborg abilities.

And there are far more ways to open a story. I don’t have time to explore them all here.

In my novel, I have another complication (because I’m not making things easy for myself with this project!). In this first book I have three very distinct story arcs. They won’t fully come together until later in the series, so I need to ensure that there are enough touch-points between them that readers feel confident that they will eventually resolve in combination. But it also means I have three openings, one for each story arc.

Maybe this is an advantage‌—‌I can use different techniques for each arc. So the arc involving a crew of couriers pulled into a high-risk venture could start with action, allowing the reader to experience the crew in operation, being introduced to their particular skills as well as the interplay between them. The arc focusing on the more political situation in the galaxy might benefit from a world-building focus (through dialogue, enabling me to introduce this arc’s main characters at the same time). And the arc aboard a generation ship, an arc that starts with a mystery, might work best with an opening that makes the reader wonder what’s going on (although not so much that they’re likely to stop reading!).

Whatever opening(s) I use, I’ll need to make sure they introduce characters and the world, while being exciting and interesting enough to keep the reader reading. So, no pressure!

And with that, I should get back to the edit. I have those read-through notes to go through. With the arc I’m working on at the moment, I think I have about 5000 words before a suitable opening, but there are things in those pages that the reader needs to know, things I need to somehow make clear in this revised opening.

The first draft was only the start. In many ways, the first draft is the easy bit. Now I have the start of the hard work. But I can see a way through. Unity is coming together.


This post is the latest in a series I’m running on Substack, chronicling my work on this new project. If you’d like to read these posts as they appear, please consider subscribing for free.

A rose by any other name… (My series needs a decent title!)

I can’t keep referring to this new project as ‘my new project’, or even ‘my space-opera project’. It needs a name. It needs a title.

But titles are tricky.

Okay, it’s easy to come up with titles. It’s coming up with good titles that takes work. A good title has to catch the attention. It helps if it’s memorable. And a good title needs to say what the story might offer, either in plot or tone (or both).

Yes, there are exceptions. Trainspotting is about drug addicts in Scotland, isn’t anything to do with trains. But most titles go a long way towards explaining the story. Think Star Wars, or Star Trek, or Stargate. Fighting in space, travel to distant planets, and portals crossing vast distances.

It helps that these titles have a certain rhythm, too. Two words (or a combination of two), each with four letters. The pattern helps us remember the title. It’s a technique I’ve used in my previous book titles. The first three Dominions books are Dark Glass, Dead Flesh and Deep Water. I like the symmetry‌—‌all starting with the same letter, all having a four-letter word followed by a five-letter word.

Which brings up another point‌—‌consistency across a series. It’s not necessary, but does it help? Possibly. So, what are the options?

One option is to have numbers and subtitles: Star Trek, Star Trek II: The Wrath Of Kahn, Star Trek III: The Search For Spock. I still think the best version of this was used for the Naked Gun films‌—‌Naked Gun, Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear and Naked Gun 33 1⁄3: The Final Insult.

Other series use a common word‌—‌Dune, Dune Messiah, God Emperor Of Dune and so on.

I prefer the series title to be separate to the titles of individual books, though. This is the pattern used in The Expanse. So let’s consider those titles for a moment.

First, the series title. The Expanse. It tells you the story’s going to be epic. It points to vast distances, either in space or in time, or possibly both. With a title like that, you expect a series that starts small and then balloons out (expands). It’s a title that fits the story told across the nine novels.

And what of the individual book titles? They all follow a two-word pattern. Leviathan Wakes, Persepolis Rising, Abaddon’s Gate and so on. There’s an epic quality to them, as well as tension. Words like ‘wakes’ and ‘rising’ automatically prime us for action‌—‌we know these aren’t going to be light-hearted books. And then there are those initial words. Even if we don’t know the actual references (if our knowledge of mythology or history isn’t sufficient) they still sound mythological, so we anticipate stories on a grand scale.


But titles are also important during the writing process. The files on my laptop refer to my new project as ‘Space Opera Series’ (or simply SO), and the spin-off is ‘Space Opera Spin-Off’ (I haven’t shortened that‌—‌don’t know if I’d go with SOS or SOSO). Those work as labels while I get to grips with the stories, but they don’t do anything to describe them. They don’t mean anything. And as I sink deeper into these stories, that becomes a problem.

I need the focus a title can bring. A title turns a bunch of ideas into a cohesive whole, even if there are still gaps, even if the structure needs tightening. A title helps ground a project, helps make it feel real.

Titles also help when thinking about marketing. Writing in a vacuum and thinking about selling the book afterwards is not a realistic option. It’s more sensible to consider marketing while writing, or even before.

By marketing, I don’t mean advertising. That can be a part of marketing, but there’s far more to it. Marketing includes covers, and back-cover copy (or product description or blurb, whichever term you prefer). Marketing involves condensing the whole story, even the whole series, into a punchy paragraph, then further into a tag-line. Marketing means thinking about how to present the books to potential readers. And for this, not having a title is a serious hindrance.

So I need titles. They don’t have to be finalised yet‌—‌writing a book, let alone a series, is a long process, and the end product is rarely close to what is initially envisages‌—‌but I at least need working titles.


So, here goes. My current working titles.

For the main series, I’m going with Unity. In the story, Unity is the name of the organisation that acts as a galactic government. This entity plays an important role in the story, and is home to some of the important characters. The word ‘unity’ also relates to what is becoming a major theme across the series. Humanity will face a major dilemma, and must come together to find a way through. Along the way disparate groups will need to work together, overcoming their differences.

For individual book titles I did consider things like Unity Fractured and Unity Resolving. But while this might be fine for a couple of books I think the titles would eventually sound too forced‌—‌trying to conform to the pattern rather than trying to be proper titles. So I don’t have any book titles yet.

Then there’s this spin-off (read this Substack post for more information). I see this as a series in its own right, but with the books working as stand-alone stories. One of the major story arcs in Unity follows Kane and his crew aboard the spaceship Seraph, and the first spin-off explores Kane’s back-story, focusing on his first contact with Seraph. My plan is for each book in this spin-off series to introduce another member of his eventual crew. While Kane could be seen as the main character, the ship is what binds them all together. For this reason I’m currently calling this spin-off series Chronicles Of Seraph.

I don’t have individual book titles yet. A part of me likes the idea of using character names in the titles, with the final book being something like Seraph Unbound. But I can’t come up with a decent title for a character called Norm. I suppose I could change his name, but ‘Norm’ suits his character. He’s the ‘average one’. He doesn’t think he’s anything special. He’s not the action hero or the smart one, but the one who fixes things on the ship (and cooks the crew’s meals). If I was writing a comedy, he’d probably be the butt of a lot of the jokes, yet take it all in good humour. In my mind he’s Norm, and I’d struggle to change that.

So, no book titles. But I have those series titles now, Unity and Chronicles Of Seraph.

And simply having names makes these series feel real. They’re no longer vague notions but solid projects. I’m no longer tapping away at stories for my own amusement. Instead, I’m creating books.

I still have a long way to go, of course. But every step brings me closer to bringing the project to fruition, closer to having books I can share with others.


This post is the latest in a series I’m running on Substack, chronicling my work on this new project. If you’d like to read these posts as they appear, please consider subscribing for free.

The Uncovered Consequences Of Technology

Revisiting my previous books leads to a range of emotions. There’s pride (’this is something I created!’). There are moments of surprise (’I’d forgotten how well that twist works!’) But there’s also a vague sense of disappointment.

Yes, I may uncover mistakes (proofreading errors always slip through), but that isn’t what I’m getting at here. As I continue to write, my writing and story-telling improves. And there are moments in those older books that now feel clunky. There are passages (some long, some short) that I would now tighten. There is a great deal of room for improvement.

In retrospect, I didn’t use technology to its full in my Shadows and ShadowTech books.

In both series most characters have a lattice. This is a tech layer that sits beneath the skin and interacts with the body and mind. It can speed up healing. It can increase the efficiency of the body. It enables people to interact with different systems without physical connections, too. Pilots fly their craft by the power of thought. Hackers don’t need to rely on keyboards or other interfaces, only their lattices. People can operate machinery without needing to press any buttons.

The lattice also enables a kind of tech-based telepathy. People can ‘talk’ through their lattices, either in tight or wide conversations, without uttering a sound or moving their lips. With the aid of boosters, this communication can happen over vast distances.

Almost everyone has a lattice‌—‌but not everyone. A central character in these books has to cope with being seen as ‘inferior’ because of her lack of functioning lattice. Another character’s lattice starts playing up, leading to various complications.

So, what’s the problem?

Let’s take a step back. Think of mobile phones, and how different things were prior to their existence. Travelling to somewhere new meant using paper maps to plan a route, with no sat-nav to guide every single turn. End up in difficulties in the middle of nowhere, and you’d better hope someone came along, because there was no way to (easily) call for help. And if you came across something amazing you’d be telling people about it later, trying to convince them you didn’t make it up‌—‌no magical device you could pull out to record and transmit images and videos across the world in real-time. Need to know something? You’d have to visit a library instead of doing a quick internet search. Need to sort out your finances? Better make time for a trip to the bank, then wait five working days for any changes to take effect.

And I haven’t even touched on social media. Or QR codes. Or having a complete library of books, music and films on hand wherever we are, all the time.

Having these devices on hand at all times has changed so much of our daily lives that pre-mobile times are like another world.

Technology has consequences. Technology can change societies, in ways that can’t always be predicted. Technology can be invented for one purpose, but people will use it for all kinds of other purposes.

The same should be true in fiction. A powerful technology should have a major impact on day-to-day life.
I came across a great example of this a while ago. I think it was in Peter F Hamilton’s Salvation series (although I could be wrong).

Many sci-fi stories circumvent the impossibility of faster-than-light travel through portals or wormholes. Sometimes they are in set places (think Stargate), but in the Salvation books portals can be any size, and are extremely portable. Characters have collapsible portals they can carry around with them.

But throughout the books Hamilton explores how these portals could be used in so many different ways.

How do you change a desert into fertile farming land? You need water. How do you get water to the desert? You can pipe it in, after first laying the pipes. Or, with these portals, you can literally drop water onto the desert‌—‌a portal in the air above the arid landscape, a corresponding portal being fed water, and instant rain!

Cities would change, too. When workers can use portals to commute, there’s no need for mass transit infrastructure, so those unused wide roads become green spaces, turning the cities into more pleasant environments. With travel times so drastically reduced, there is also less need for hotels, less need for dense urban residential areas. Why live close to work when, with portals, anywhere is close to work?

That might be fine for the hoi polloi, but what about the wealthy? There’s no need for holiday homes when each room of a ‘house’ can exist in a separate geographical location, connected by portal doors. Eat in a dining room looking out over a vast Savannah, then relax in a lounge on a tropical beach. When that gets too warm, retire to the bedroom and watch the snow-covered mountains from the balcony.

And what about those exploratory craft travelling through space (because portals only connect to other portals‌—‌you can’t skip to somewhere totally new)? Hitting debris in space could be catastrophic. Place a portal at the front of the craft, another at the rear, and the problem is solved.

See what I mean? A technology that serves an important purpose in the story (allowing characters to travel vast distances without the time of that travel slowing the story), but one that has story-world implications. Even if the technology itself is ‘impossible’, the consideration of the wider impact makes it feel ‘real’.

So this is my challenge (one of the many) as I work on this new series. For every piece of technology I introduce, I need to consider the implications. How would it impact daily life? How would it be used for work and for entertainment? How would people twist the technology to their own purposes?

How can I make the fictional technology in my books feel as real as a mobile phone?

It’s definitely a challenge. And a daunting one. But this kind of world-building is all part of the fun of writing science fiction.


This post originally appeared as a part of my Substack on writing a new series. If you want to have these posts delivered to your in-box when they’re released, please consider subscribing for free to my Substack by clicking here.

When characters go off-script, and why working doesn’t only mean ‘doing stuff’.

You might’ve heard writers say things like ‘my characters keep on doing things I don’t want them to’, or ‘my characters are always surprising me’. For a long time I thought this was nonsense‌—‌if you’re writing the story, surely you’re in control. Those characters are your inventions. They do what you want them to.

But this happens to me. I’ll be writing, and because of my planning I’ll have a solid idea of where the scene’s going. Then I’ll have a line of dialogue come to me, and before I’m aware of it the words are out of my mind and onto the screen. I’ll read it back and realise this one line could throw the whole story off-script.

Maybe I should illustrate this with a couple of examples.


The main character in the story I’m currently working on (a story adjacent to the main series, because I needed a break‌—‌read my previous post for more information) is called Kane. He’s a loner. He’s been through a lot, done things he’s not proud of, and he’s learnt from his mistakes. Older and wiser (he hopes), he prefers to solve problems without resorting to violence, but if things get physical he can usually take care of himself.

As the story progresses he finds himself on a courier vessel, a part of a team hired for a particular job. But Kane manages to enter the crew’s area, where he strikes up something like a friendship with the vessel’s captain (once she’s overcome her wariness of him).
But as I wrote scenes where they talked I became aware that some of their dialogue and behaviours, bordered on flirting. This came from both the captain and Kane.

This wasn’t something I’d planned on. Kane generally doesn’t like people‌—‌he’ll work with them, and he can be sociable when it’s required, but he’s content on his own. H isn’t looking for any kind of relationship, even a short-term one.

At least, I didn’t think he was. But maybe there’s a side to Kane I wasn’t aware of.

But I didn’t plan for anything like this. It’s going to force me to reassess the rest of the story‌—‌if I introduce a bit of flirtation, that sets up an expectation. If I then ignore this flirting I’m not honouring an implicit promise‌—‌that this flirting will be relevant or important in some way.


Let’s look at another example. Kane comes into contact with another member of the crew (who I haven’t yet named). This crew-member is antagonistic towards Kane, and I initially thought this was because Kane shouldn’t have been in the crew area. But in a later conversation with the captain she said that this crew-member has been struggling for a while now.

The vessel, by this stage of the story, is docked at what I’m calling an orbital‌—‌a satellite the size of a large town. There are tensions on the orbital, with different factions vying for power‌—‌a situation that will, over the course of the story, push Kane to ‘save the day’.

But as Kane and the captain talk, she mentions that this crew-member has worked on the orbital before, and that this is a big part of his problems.

I have no idea where that came from. But as I thought about it, I saw possibilities. I saw how a troubled past could interact with the current situation. I saw how it could enhance the whole book.

But, as with the flirting, it’s going to mess with my planning.

So I have two options. Either I go with it, or I rewrite these scenes to edit out these ‘surprises’.

I’m reticent to throw these surprises out, though. Because there’s something important going on here.

I’ll try to explain.


We’ve been conditioned to think of work as ‘doing things’. If we’re being paid, we’re expected to be physically doing things for the time we spend at work. If there’s nothing productive to do, we find things to make us look busy‌—‌because not doing anything isn’t working.

It’s the same with writing. If words aren’t going down‌—‌whether in drafting, planning or editing‌—‌then it feels as if we’re not really writing. There’s a certain amount of pressure to produce a certain number of words each day. When we’re not physically writing (or typing) there’s a nagging guilt, and we tell ourselves we’re being lazy.

But writing, as with any creative activity, is far more than simply ‘doing the physical activity’. So much of writing involves thinking. We need to think about our stories and our characters. We need to explore different possibilities. In science-fiction we need to imagine exciting and interesting technologies, wild new worlds, craft that can travel across the vastness of space.

Some of that thinking is ‘active’. It happens when we’re sitting at our (metaphorical) desks. This is the kind of thinking we do at the laptop, typing up our ideas as they occur, or scribbling into a notepad. This is the thinking we do between lines, when we look up from the laptop and stare into space for a while, mentally running through possibilities for the next paragraph.

But thinking goes far deeper. When working on a story (or a whole series) we have countless ideas in our minds. We need to write them down to keep track of them, but those ideas are still buzzing around when we’re not typing or writing. We have a problem in the story, and that problem sits in our mind. We ruminate on it. It’s easy to become distracted while doing something else because we’re trying to find a solution.

And, far too often, that solution seems to come out of the blue, and at some random time. In the shower, or while exercising, or as we’re dropping off to sleep.

Because these problems sink into our subconsciousness. And our subconscious minds are churning away all the time. We’re ‘thinking’ even when we’re not thinking.

So when ideas seem to appear out of the blue‌—‌when characters do things I hadn’t planned or say things which go way off-script‌—‌I have to take notice. Chances are, these surprises come from my subconscious mind, and are solutions to problems I’m not yet fully conscious of in the story.

So Kane and the captain’s flirtation tells me I probably need to open Kane up to the possibility of not being so much of a loner. Or maybe it’s telling me that there’s another part of the captain’s character I haven’t fully understood yet, a part that is going to influence Kane’s decisions later in the story. And the crew-member’s history with the orbital tells me I need to make the story deeper to make it richer. It’s forcing me to reconsider Kane’s motivations for various things I ‘want’ him to do.

Does this mean more work? Definitely. I need to pause (maybe not for too long) and adjust my planning. When it comes to editing I’ll need to make sure these surprises don’t feel too random, that they’re foreshadowed as much as they need to be. And maybe this will lead to more ‘problems’ later on, with more things needing to be worked out when it comes to the edit.

But the extra work is worth it if it makes the story better.


This post originally appeared on my Substack, as a part of my attempt to document my work on a new series. If you’d like to read these posts as they are published, delivered to your in-box, then sign up to my Substack for free by clicking here.

The consequences of wormholes and generation ships (maybe)

Science fiction. What does that term actually mean?

Let’s take the last part first. Fiction. That means it’s made up, a story that never happened (or hasn’t happened yet). In theory, no options are off the table. The writer has total freedom, can make up whatever they want.

But good fiction needs to feel real. The characters have to behave in ways that, even if not predictable, are human. When things happen, there has to be some kind of logical reason. When characters use objects, those objects have to behave in reasonable ways.

So what about the ‘science’ part of the name? Science fiction is (usually) centred on some kind of science or technology, or exists in a world where science and technology are important. And that science, no matter how outlandish, needs to make some kind of sense. If it doesn’t, we’re in the realm of magic.

There’s a thin line, though. Take the force in Star Wars. There might have been some attempts to explain this with science, but it acts very much like a magic system. Then consider one of Arthur C Clarke’s ‘laws’ — that any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. Current Internet technology would seem like magic to someone from a few hundred years ago. So if I’m writing a space opera series set hundreds or thousands of years in the future, there will most likely be technologies that seem like magic, as well as technologies I can’t even begin to imagine.

But I’m writing fiction, and I want readers to enjoy and engage with it. So these technologies need to feel plausible. If the technologies don’t yet exist, I need to write about them in a way that makes them at least seem possible.

This limits that freedom I mentioned earlier. But when it comes to writing, limits can be (are?) important. Have too much freedom, and there are too many possibilities. Setting limits helps focus the mind.

One thing I need to consider in my new series is space travel. I have humanity spreading across the galaxy. That means people need to travel vast distances. Our current understanding says that nothing can travel faster than light, so travel to even the nearest stars would take years, even lifetimes.

There are various ways to deal with this. One is to have passengers on space-going vessels hibernation, with the ship waking them when they near their destination. Another alternative is to have some kind of way of ‘skipping’ through space — hyperspace travel, wormholes, and so on.

I’m going to use the second alternative. I don’t want hyper-drives that can throw craft around the galaxy as easily as they can travel from a moon to its parent planet. That almost feels like cheating. Instead, I’m going to have ‘gates’ in various locations, with the ability (the technology and the science) for anything entering one gate to emerge at another almost instantly, even though the gates are light years apart.

But how did these gates get there? If these gates are some kind of hyper-space doorways, who set the doors in place?

My solution is to have vast generation ships travelling to distant stars. These city-sized ships take lifetimes to make their journeys, and there’s no hibernation. Those who board the ship when it sets off will never see the destination, dying out long before the ship arrives.

As these generation ships cross the void between stars they create and drop off gates, enabling those in their wake to skip across the vast distances.

But what about those who live on these ships? For them, the journey is their life. For them, the ship isn’t a means to an end but a home.

The more I considered this, the more involved the whole thing grew.

If conditions on these generations ships were perfect, then the passengers (or those who call the ship home) wouldn’t want for anything. But is that a good thing? If the purpose of these ships is to seed distant planets, and these planets are going to need work (terraforming) before they can independently sustain human life, then those who colonise these new worlds will need to be tough. They’ll need to be adaptable and strong — physically, mentally and emotionally. People who have existed in an environment that provides all they need would most likely be weak. They’d expect things to work out. They wouldn’t be used to struggle.

So in my series, life on these generation ships will be tough. Some will have it easy, but others will struggle. While the ships won’t want to kill off their passengers (the ‘seeds’ for the new worlds), they won’t make things easy. There will be crime, and pain, and death. The ships will contain environments that force the occupants to push themselves, to adapt and grow.

Which leads to more thoughts. Imagine a generation ship travelling for thousands of years. Now think of how much has changed on Earth in the last millennia. There have been wars and unrest, along with periods of peace. There has been turmoil. How much of this would (could) these generation ships endure?

So it makes sense to have an overseer. But who? Is this a group of people — and if so, would they have the same problems the rest of the passengers have? Or is the controlling force some kind of machine sentience?

And what about the gates? Who controls them? If a gate fails, what happens? Every possible solution to these questions leads to more alternatives.

But I have to think about these things. If I have this gate technology in my series, and if I have these generation ships, then I have to make sure they seem real. I have to consider how their existence would effect people, as individuals and as societies.

And isn’t that one of the fascinating things about science fiction? It enables us to play with possibilities. It enables us to posit these questions, even if we can’t settle on any firm answers.

This is science fiction. It isn’t about fact, but about asking ‘what if…?’ It’s about extrapolating what we currently know and seeing where it might end up.


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Reading For Inspiration

Stephen King famously said that if you don’t have time to read, you don’t have the time (or the tools) to write. Especially in fiction, reading is a prerequisite to writing. How can you learn good writing and good story-telling if you don’t consume stories? How can you understand how words work if you don’t read?

There are different ways to read, and there are different genres. If I’m writing science fiction, specifically space opera, it helps to know what other writers are doing in this area. So I’ve built up a collection of space opera on my Kindle. Some are classics, like Asimov’s Foundation series. Some are more contemporary, such as James SA Corey’s Expanse series. I have older books I haven’t yet read (I’ve only got through a few of EE Doc Smith’s Lensmen books so far), and others I’ve read multiple times (including most of Iain M Banks’ Culture novels). I have long-running series and I have stand-alones.

Through reading these books, I’ve learnt not only what is considered standard for the genre but also what I enjoy — and what I don’t. Reading The Expanse showed me that while I like action, too much wears me down, and that I enjoy storylines with political intrigue. I’ve learnt that a big set-up needs a big pay-off, and that I can’t rush the ending. Where action is concerned, I prefer a few well-placed set pieces rather than a constant rush of adrenaline.

I’ve also come to realise that I like my sci-fi to have some kind of basis in real science, but not so much that I feel like I’m reading a text-book. It’s why I prefer space opera to hard sci-fi (although both subgenres have classics worth reading as well as books that, quite frankly, read more like first drafts).

But science fiction is predominantly a setting. I aim to write character-driven stories, and they exist in every genre. So I read widely. Thrillers are great for learning pacing, mysteries show me how to reveal facts and present clues. Dramas and romance stories focus on human interactions, and there is so much I can draw from them.

One of the story arcs in my new series will (hopefully) have a detective noir vibe, so I’ve been devouring books in this genre. I still have a few Raymond Chandler novels left to read, but those I’ve got through so far have been very instructive. I admire how the dialogue drives not only the plot but also the in-scene action. While the slang is dated, the way Chandler uses it is something I can adapt to my own writing.

The use of dialogue is an interesting point here. My main character in my story arc is introspective, something of a loner. But I didn’t want pages of internal thinking. My solution? The character now has an advanced (because this is far-future) AI assistant, in effect an internal character, and he talks through his problems with her.

My series deals with situations that affect many planets, so I have a kind of galaxy-wide government. Obviously, there’s going to be intrigue here, with different characters coming into conflict through differing objectives and motivations. I’m drawn to ideas of where power is held — not in the figurehead at the top, but in those below the surface, the schemers and the manipulators. Michael Dobbs’ House Of Cards books have been an inspiration here.

So far I’ve focused on story and plot, but what about the writing itself? I enjoy (some) literary fiction — although that’s a very broad label/genre, and there is excellent literary writing in every genre. When I read a well-written book now, I find myself picking up on things the author’s done with language, how they describe things, how they use words for different effects.

I also read books that are — how can I put this diplomatically? — in need of more work. These aren’t necessarily ‘bad’ books, because different readers seek different things from their stories. It’s possible to overlook clunky writing if the story or characters are engaging.

Books like these also serve as encouragement, especially when I’m struggling with my own writing. There always comes a point (sometimes multiple points) when I feel that my writing isn’t going anywhere. The story veers away from the plot. I don’t feel I have the characters right. It becomes a chore to get words on the page.

At times like this, I have to trust that things will improve — see my last post on ‘trusting the spiral’ for more on this. I have to remind myself that this is the vomit draft — get the words out, knowing that they’ll stink. It can all be improved in the edit.

And read books I don’t consider well-written. This helps give me a boost of confidence. Also, as I read, the writer part of my brain starts ‘solving’ the book’s problems. I might read a line of dialogue and imagine how I’d change it to be more forceful or to feel more realistic. If I read a bland description (rather than skimming over it — always a temptation when the book isn’t holding my attention) I’ll look for ways to make it relevant to the character or the situation, ways to engage all the senses, or ways to tighten the prose.

This feeds back into my own writing. It gives me confidence.

It can also remind me that good writing isn’t everything. As I said earlier, these books aren’t ‘bad’. Others enjoy them, despite the less-than-stellar writing. Books like these remind me that story and character are vital.

Writing involves so many strands, and so it’s important that I read widely, and with intention.

There’s another area of reading, one I haven’t mentioned yet. That’s reading for information — what’s often referred to as ‘research’. But that’s a topic for next time.


This is part of a series of posts documenting the writing of a new space opera series. They originally appear on my Substack, which is free to sign up to. So if you want to read each installment when it comes out (a few days earlier than they appear on this website), and delivered to your in-box, click here.

Trusting the spiral

I used to think that the process of writing was easy, even if the writing itself was hard. Start with an idea. This becomes a plan. Then, write the story according to that plan. There might be some errors, so do a quick check (called ‘editing’). And that was it. A straight line, from idea to completed story.

Oh, how naive I was.

The basic premise — plan, write, edit — is sound, but the practice is far more complicated. I now see that the process of writing isn’t linear but is more of a spiral.

I like the idea of having a plan before I pull up a blank page and start writing. I need to know where I’m going. But with experience I’ve learnt that no plan remains intact once I start typing. Characters say and do things I didn’t expect. I spot things in my planning that make no sense. I’ll thrown in a bit of world-building, or a throwaway phrase, and it’ll spark ideas that could improve the story.

I usually push through with the first draft. If I back-tracked for every new idea I’d never reach the end. But when I have that first draft I do my first major edit, focusing on the story.

And this is where I pick up more problems. I work through them, improving the overall story. I take a step back and return to my planning, checking these alterations work, making sure character arcs are intact and so on. And then I return to writing.

Some scenes only need tweaking. Others have to be put aside (not deleted, because I might be able to use them later). Still more have to be written from scratch.

And after all that, with this new draft, it’s back into editing. And repeat, however many times is necessary. Not a circle, but a spiral, each time drawing closer to that elusive goal of a perfect story.

How many times do I need to repeat this process? That depends on the story. Shorter works usually require less work. Sometimes the original plan only needs tweaking. For other stories the final product is totally different to that plan.

Take ShadowSiege, the second book in my Shadows trilogy. I thought that book was coming along well, and I’d reached what I imagined would be my final edit. But in re-reading the story I felt uneasy. It wasn’t working. There were major problems with it.

To correct these problems I had to practically re-write the whole book. Frustrating, but if I hadn’t done the work the book would’ve been so much weaker, leaving me struggling even more when it acme to the final book in the trilogy.

But I’m supposed to be documenting my work on this new space opera series. Why am I mentioning editing when I’m only in the planning stage?

The answer? Because knowing the process is a spiral and not a straight line gives me freedom.

Planning can be tricky. There might be moments when ideas flow, but there’s a great deal of hard slog. I’ve realised that I eventually reach a point where I’m barely tweaking anything, where I seem to hit a wall. Usually, I have a lot of scenes planned in detail (the major ones), but I have a lot of scenes where I know what needs to happen but I don’t know how.

Once this happens, I remind myself of that spiral. The plan will change, so it doesn’t have to be ‘perfect’. As long as I have an outline, I’m good to go.

I’ve reached that point with the first book in this new series. So I’ve fired up Scrivener, opened my planning in one window and a blank page in the other, and started writing.

In an earlier post I mentioned the plotter/pantser dichotomy — writers either plan before writing, or write to discover the plan — and how most writers sit somewhere between these extremes. In my process I have some form of a plan when I start writing, and this helps me get going. But I don’t know everything. Especially when I’m working in a new story-universe, with new characters and cultures and technology, I can’t know everything ahead of time. I have to write to sink into this universe, to learn what makes my characters tic, how their societies function, how they interact with technology. And the plot (the story) can only develop once I have a better understanding of these things.

I have the formality and structure of a plan, but I also have the freedom to discover as I go. It’s a journey.
And already things are changing. I think one of my characters’ arcs is going to totally change. There are minor characters who, as I’ve been writing, seem to be taking on more importance.

I’m also uncovering themes. I’ll return to this in the future (theme is an important area, and it’s something that I’m constantly learning about).

And if the story becomes a mess? It doesn’t matter, because there’s always editing. Then amending planning, then re-writing. I could start worrying that everything’s going wrong, but I prefer to trust the spiral.

Using AI to ‘see’ my characters

Writing and reading are about communication. The writer imagines a story. They transform their ideas into words. The reader takes in these words and reconstructs the events the writer imagined.

But it’s not an exact process. A reader will ‘see’ things very differently from the writer. Even if the writer includes detailed descriptions they can’t cover everything. And that’s before we get onto other senses — the sounds and smells of a scene, the sensations on the skin, the internal emotions, the taste of food and drink.

So much of both reading and writing relies on imagination. And everyone has their own way of imagining things.

I’m not particularly visual in my imagination. When I read, I have only a vague internal image of the characters. It’s the same when I write. I focus more on the characters’ internal lives. I might have a rough sketch of each character — sex, age, size, maybe one or two distinguishing features. But beyond that, nothing.

But if I want this new series to be character-driven, I need to know the characters in more detail. In order to bring them alive on the page I need to ‘see’ them.

Some writers use images of famous actors playing particular roles. I don’t watch much (anything?) now. But I like the idea of having some kind of visual representation.

So I’ve turned to AI.

I’ve been dabbling with NightCafe for AI image creation for a while now, so I started prompting it to give me potential images of my characters. It’s not an exact science, though. I’m sure the AI sometimes ignores words in the prompt. It seems to have a bias for males with facial hair, and even when I include phrases such as ‘clean shaven’ or ‘no beard’ or ‘smooth chin’ it still comes up with stubble and beards.

But I’ve persevered, altering settings and adjusting prompts. I’ve gone through all the images NightCafe provided, looking for those that I feel best fit the vague characters in my head.

Let’s have an example, a character called Norm. He’s a part of a small crew on a spacecraft. Norm’s the mechanic, happiest when he’s prodding around behind an open panel, screwdriver and spanner to hand. He’s also a fantastic cook. His crew-mates tell him he could easily become a top chef, but for him, cooking’s a hobby. And a way of interacting with the rest of the crew (he’s not the most gregarious of characters).

There’s a downtrodden edge to him. Older than the rest of the crew, he’s had a ‘normal’ life, but he’s ended up on his own, down on his luck. He’s let himself go physically.

But he’s happy on the craft. It feels like a home of sorts.

After a lot of trial and error, here’s the image I selected for Norm.

AI-generated image of a middle-aged, down-trodden mechanic on a spacecraft.

The look of this character seems to fit my idea of Norm. There are subtle things in the image that add to his character, like the straps over his shoulders. They’re grimy, through a combination of neglect and grease or oil. They suit his character.

Let’s have a look at another member of the crew. Chelle is young. She comes from a good background, but she’s rebelled, to the point where she’s turned her back on her family and ‘run away with a degenerate bunch of ruffians’. She has a sharp tongue, and isn’t afraid to say what she thinks. She’s also very intelligent.

Take a look at Chelle:

AI-generated of an Asian female. She looks serious, but with a vulnerable edge. She has messy hair.

My understanding of this kind of AI is that it draws from a large pool of source material. The larger this pool, the greater the variety the AI can analyse. But if there are any biases within this source material the AI will, naturally, replicate it.

I assume that’s why the AIs used in NightCafe tend to default to white characters.

I rarely (if ever) ‘see’ my characters as being a particular colour or from a particular ethnicity. In this new series, humanity has spread to the stars. I can’t see that happening unless different countries work together, so I’m assuming a lot of integration. But as humanity settles on new planets, new moons, and in craft that are in effect drifting cities, the old prejudices and cliques will be replaced by new ones. As generations adapt to slightly different gravitational or atmospheric conditions evolution will push different groups into new areas. Add to this biological and genetic manipulation through technology, and our current ideas of ethnicity will become ancient history.

This is a long-winded way of saying that, in the galaxy of this new series, it doesn’t matter what colour someone is.

However, I still need diverse characters. And if the AI keeps giving me white characters, it isn’t helping. So, to force some variety, I’ve experimented by adding prompt terms related to colour and ethnicity. Not because I ‘see’ characters as coming from a particular country or group of people, but because I want variety. Seeing an image that is ‘different’ to my (biased) perceived ‘normal’ will be a reminder that my characters come from different planets, from different groups of people.

For Chelle, the images NightCafe gave me only started to feel right when I added ‘Asian’ to the prompt. After quite a few that didn’t hit the mark I settled on the one above. From this image I can imagine a younger Chelle, with ‘perfect’ hair (before she cut it and let it do whatever it wanted). I can imagine her using make-up as her culture deemed normal, before she let her internal character show in a more natural look.

There’s also a combination of toughness and vulnerability in this image. It reminds me that, for all her insults and tough attitude, Chelle is still discovering who she is. In many ways her attitude is a way of hiding, or a way of coping with a universe she isn’t quite ready for.

As with the uncertainty and the down-trodden look in Norm’s image, Chelle’s image opens up the possibility of changes throughout the series. Neither of these characters are one-dimensional. They’re going to grow. While I ‘know’ that from the way I’ve imagined these characters, seeing these images reinforces that for me. These images provide a reference, something I can look at as I write, reminders that these characters are ‘real’.

It doesn’t matter if readers ‘see’ Chelle and Norm in the same way I do, or if their internal images are nothing like these AI images. Readers need to engage with the characters, and that only truly happens when the characters feel ‘real’. To make this happen, I have to write about ‘real’ characters — not ideas of what a character might be, but characters who are flesh and blood, characters who exist. These images, and the images I’ve come up with for other characters, are going to help immensely in this.

Of course, there’s far more to writing than imagining realistic characters. But a story, let alone a series, isn’t created in a single step. Next time, I’ll talk about another aspect of this project, another step in the realisation of my ideas.


This is part of an on-going series of posts documenting my work on a new space-opera. If you’d like to get early access to these posts you can do so by subscribing to my Substack for free.

Plot or character? What should I focus on in my new series?

It’s often said that there are two types of writers. The plotter plans everything out in advance. They know exactly what’s going to happen before they begin to write their first draft. In contrast, the discovery writer (or pantser) gets an idea and starts to write, developing the story as they go.

In truth, most writers are somewhere between these extremes. I prefer planning first, but from experience I know that the story will change as I write it. I’ll see how my planning doesn’t quite work, or I’ll figure out an alternative path for the story. Sometimes I’ll write an off-the-cuff comment (maybe something a character says or a throw-away piece of world-building) and my mind will run with this, changing huge sections of the book.

With this new project, I want a large-scale story (a space-opera with multiple main characters and events happening across different planets and spacecraft). Before I start writing I want to have a coherent idea of where the story is going.
And to plan this I need to know what kind of story I want to tell.

Taking another step back, I need to understand what I enjoy in both reading and writing. What draws me to a book? And (more importantly) what keeps me reading?

Another way of approaching this — what makes me want to stop reading?

I almost always finish reading a book once I’ve started, even if I’m not enjoying it. Sometimes I’ll find something in the characters or the story that intrigues me enough to continue through poor writing. Sometimes I’ll tell myself the book will get better (note to self: it rarely does). At other times I’ll use it as training, examining why I’m no longer engaged with the book.

But there have been times I’ve given up on books part way through. On the few occasions this has happened, it’s always been because I no longer cared what happened to any of the characters.
This tells me something about my reading habits. I might be drawn to a book by an intriguing set-up or concept, but it’s the characters that keep me reading.

It’s similar in my writing. Some of my most memorable times writing have been when I’ve been putting characters through emotionally hard times.

I’ll give you an example. In my Dominions series, I knew I wanted to put the main character in a position where, whatever choice he made, someone important to him would die. He couldn’t save them both, no matter how much he wanted to. I wasn’t going to let him suddenly find a way to get around the problem — this decision would have a serious impact not only on the story but also on the character.

And it’s that impact that was important. My character’s decision influenced the plot in key ways, ultimately influencing the way the whole series concluded.

So this choice was a plot moment, but it was also a very important character moment.

I’ve thought on this a great deal, and I’ve come to view story as the interplay between plot and character. Plot is the stuff that happens. I can describe a plot by saying ‘this happens and then this happens and then this happens’. It’s a list of events. But they don’t become a story until I introduce characters. These characters have to interact with the plot, reacting to these events, making decisions that influence future events.

If plot is ‘stuff that happens’, then the characters are the ones that let the reader experience that stuff. The plot only has meaning when characters are added.

It’s worth saying that these characters have to resonate with the reader, too. They have to be real. They might not all be likeable, but as readers we have to be invested in their arcs, in their growth or their descent.

As I plan this new series, I need to focus on character. Yes, there will be galaxy-spanning events, with the whole of humanity in danger. But if I want to make readers care, I need to show these events through engaging characters. If I want readers to relate to what is happening, I need to use characters to bring these immense events down to a personal level. A huge space battle could be exciting in theory, but put a new recruit in the middle of the battle as they struggle with the loss of their best friend, and now it’s emotional. Now it’s real.

So I have a starting point — characters as the primary focus, reacting to and driving external events. But how do I actually plan anything?

More on that next time.

A new writing project – behind the scenes

(This post originally appeared on Substack, earlier today. I’ll repost each Substack post here, but if you click here you can read the original and sign up to get the Substack versions straight to your inbox when they come out)

I should introduce myself. I’m TW Iain, and over the last ten years, since I got serious with my writing, I’ve published around twenty books. I have a dark Dystopian thriller series, a sci-fi/horror trilogy and a seven-book sci-fi action/adventure series. I’ve also written around a hundred short stories (currently available on my website and in a series of free ebooks, although that may change in the not-too-distant future).

And now, I’m starting a new project. A space opera series.

I’ve learnt a great deal over those twenty books. My writing has improved, as has my understanding of story. While each book was the best I could do at the time, I look back on some of the older stuff and cringe. Every book I write is (I hope) better than the one before.

But progress isn’t linear. There are plateaus. There are times of consolidation. Occasionally there’s a slump, where struggles build.

And sometimes things jump forward. All that slow learning coalesces. There’s a ‘eureka”’ moment where things come into focus.

This feels like one of those moments. This new project shouldn’t be a little better than my previous books, it should be on another level.

But that’s going to take work. Before I start ‘writing’ I need to organise. I need to make decisions about the series and the individual books.

And I’ve decided to document (or share) this whole process. Every couple of weeks (maybe once a week, depending on how much I have to write about) I’ll go through what I’ve been up to. From ideas to planning, then to writing and editing. I’ll go into my inspirations, and what I learn from books I’m reading.

It’s a look behind the scenes. You know how DVDs used to come with those ‘making of’ documentaries? Think of this as something akin to that, only coming out in real-time.

So, who’s this for?

If you’re a reader, this will be an insight into the work it takes to produce a story worth reading. It won’t tell you how every writer does it, because we’re all different. This will be my process, for this particular project.

If you’re a writer, I hope you’ll find some useful takeaways here. You might not agree with everything (again, we’re all different), but even in those disagreements you can sharpen your focus on what works for you.

And if nobody reads this? Then it’s for me. To produce this project I need to overcome all kinds of problems. Some people think by talking, others by doing. I find writing works for me. Documenting my thinking on these problems will help me find solutions.

So this is an ongoing work-in-progress following my current work-in-progress. Welcome along for the ride.